Isibambi se-Zinc Oxide

Isibambi se-Zinc Oxidekuyintoisibambi sombaningokusebenza kahle kokuvikela.

IIsibambi se-Zinc Oxideiyisivikelo se-over-voltage esithuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokufakwa kwe-azinc oxideumboshwanjenge-core resistor discoLokhu kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezici ze-volt-ampere zediski ye-resistor kanye nokwanda kwamandla kagesi adlulayo ezimweni ze-over-voltage okuwukuthuthuka okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-silicon carbide evamile.ababophiNgaphansi kwe-voltage evamile yokusebenza, ugesi odlula ku-arrester uyi-micro-ampere degree eyodwa kuphela. Umaumboshwauma ibhekene nesimo se-voltage ephakathi, izici ezinhle kakhulu ezingezona eziqondile zizokwandisa ugesi ngokusebenzisa i-arrester izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziningana.umboshwaisesimweni sokuqhuba futhi izokhipha amandla e-over-voltage emhlabeni ngaleyo ndlela ivikele imishini yokudlulisa amandla emiphumeleni ye-over-voltage.

Isivimbeli se-zinc oxideuhlobo olusha lwe-arter olwasungulwa ngawo-1970, olwakhiwe kakhulu yi-zinc oxide varistor. I-varistor ngayinye ine-voltage yayo ethile yokushintsha (ebizwa ngokuthi i-varistor voltage) kusukela ngesikhathi yenziwa. Ngaphansi kwe-voltage evamile yokusebenza (okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwe-voltage ye-varistor), inani le-varistor likhulu kakhulu, elilingana nesimo sokufakelwa. Kodwa ngaphansi kwe-voltage yomthelela (enkulu kune-voltage ye-varistor), i-varistor iyaphulwa ngenani eliphansi, elilingana nesimo se-short-circuit. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuba i-varistor ishaywe, ingabuyisela isimo sokufakelwa; Lapho i-voltage engaphezu kwe-varistor ihoxiswa, ibuyela esimweni sokumelana okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, uma i-zinc oxide arrester ifakiwe entanjeni yamandla, lapho umbani ushaya, i-voltage ephezulu yegagasi lombani yenza ukuqhekeka kwe-varistor, futhi umbane wamandla ugeleza nge-varistor uye emhlabeni. I-voltage entanjeni yamandla ingalawulwa ngaphakathi kwebanga eliphephile, ukuze kuvikelwe ukuphepha kwemishini kagesi.

Izici eziyisikhombisa ze-zinc oxide arrester:

Umthamo wokugeleza

Lokhu kubonakala kakhulu ku-lightning arrester, inamandla okumunca zonke izinhlobo ze-lightning overvoltage, imvamisa yamandla overvoltage yesikhashana kanye nokusebenza overvoltage.

Izakhiwo zokuvikela

I-Zinc oxide arrester isetshenziselwa ukuvikela zonke izinhlobo zemishini kagesi ohlelweni lwamandla ekulimaleni kwe-overvoltage yemikhiqizo kagesi, inokusebenza okuhle kokuvikela. Ngenxa yezici ezinhle kakhulu ze-voltammetry ezingezona eziqondile zeshidi le-valve ye-zinc oxide, ama-microamps ambalwa kuphela wamanje adlula ngaphansi kwe-voltage evamile yokusebenza, kulula ukuklama isakhiwo esingenasikhala, ukuze sibe nezici zokusebenza okuhle kokuvikela, isisindo esincane kanye nosayizi omncane. Lapho i-overvoltage ihlasela, ugesi ogeleza epuletini le-valve uyanda ngokushesha, futhi ukhawulele ubukhulu be-overvoltage futhi ukhulule amandla e-overvoltage. Ngemuva kwalokho, ipuleti le-valve ye-zinc oxide libuyisela isimo sokumelana okuphezulu ukuze uhlelo lwamandla lusebenze ngokujwayelekile.

Ukusebenza kokuvala

Izingxenye zokubopha umbani ezisebenza kahle ukuguga, ukuqina komoya okuhle kwejazi elihlanganisiwe lekhwalithi ephezulu, kusetshenziswa ukulawulwa kokucindezela kwendandatho yokuvala kanye ne-sealant eboshwe kanye nezinye izindlela, ijazi le-ceramic njengezinto zokuvala, ukuqinisekisa ukuvalwa okuthembekile, ukuze ukusebenza kwe-lighting arrester kuzinzile.

Izakhiwo zemishini ze

Izici ezintathu ezilandelayo zicatshangelwa kakhulu: amandla okuzamazama komhlaba okufanele athwalwe;

Ukucindezela komoya okuphezulu kakhulu ku-arrester;

Ingxenye ephezulu ye-arrester ithwala ukucindezeleka okuphezulu okuvunyelwe kwentambo.

Impahla yokuhlanza

Isivikelo se-zinc oxide esingenasikhala sinamandla aphezulu okumelana nokungcola.

Ibanga elithile lokuhamba elichazwe yizinga likazwelonke lithi: Indawo engcolile ephakathi nendawo yekilasi II: ibanga elithile lokuhamba elingu-20mm/kV;

Indawo yokungcoliswa okukhulu kwesigaba sesi-III: ibanga elithile lokuhamba ngezinyawo elingu-25mm/kV;

Indawo engcoliswe kakhulu yekilasi IV: ibanga elithile lokuhamba ngezinyawo lingu-31mm/kV.

Ukuthembeka okuphezulu kokusebenza

Ukuthembeka kokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kuncike kwikhwalithi yemikhiqizo kanye nokukhethwa okufanele kwemikhiqizo. Ithonya lekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wayo ikakhulukazi linezici ezintathu ezilandelayo: ukuqonda kwesakhiwo sonke sesivikelo sombani; Izici ze-voltammetric kanye nokumelana nokuguga kwe-zinc oxide valve; Ukusebenza kokuvala kwesivikelo sombani.

Ukubekezelelana kwemvamisa yamandla

Ngenxa yesistimu yamandla efana nokufakwa kwesisekelo kwesigaba esisodwa, umphumela we-capacitance yomugqa omude kanye nokwenqatshwa komthwalo nezinye izizathu, kuzobangela ukwanda kwe-voltage yamandla noma kukhiqize i-amplitude high transient overvoltage, i-lightning arrester inesikhathi esithile sokubekezelela ukunyuka kwe-voltage yamandla athile.

Umsebenzi

Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-arter lunezinzuzo kanye nezici zalo, futhi zidinga ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukene ukuze kufezwe umphumela omuhle wokuvikela. Ngaphansi kwe-voltage elinganisiwe, i-arter ilingana ne-insulator futhi ngeke ibe nesenzo. Uma kwenzeka inkinga noma i-voltage ephezulu, i-lightning arrester izosebenza futhi iholele ugesi phansi ukuze ivikele imishini yamandla ngempumelelo.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Ngokusho kwezinga le-voltage

Izibambi ze-zinc oxide zihlukaniswa ngokwenani le-voltage elilinganisiwe futhi zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu:

Isigaba se-voltage ephezulu: Sibhekisela ochungechungeni lwezibambisi ze-zinc oxide ezingaphezu kuka-66KV, ezingahlukaniswa cishe zibe amazinga ayisikhombisa: 1000kV, 750kV, 500kV, 330kV, 220kV, 110kV, kanye no-66kV.

Isigaba sama-voltage aphakathi nendawo: Sibhekisela emikhiqizweni yochungechunge lwe-zinc oxide arrester esukela ku-3kV kuya ku-66kV (ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yochungechunge lwe-66kV), engahlukaniswa cishe ibe amazinga amane ama-voltage: 3kV, 6kV, 10kV, kanye ne-35KV.

Isigaba sama-voltage aphansi: Sibhekisela emikhiqizweni yochungechunge lwe-zinc oxide arrester engaphansi kwe-3KV (ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yochungechunge lwe-3kV), engahlukaniswa cishe ibe amazinga amane ama-voltage: 1kV, 0.5kV, 0.38kV, kanye ne-0.22kV.

Ngokusho kokukhishwa okujwayelekile kwamanje

Ngokusho kokukhishwa okujwayelekile, izibambisi ze-zinc oxide zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinhlanu: 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.5kA.

Ngokuvumelana nesebenzisa

Izibambi ze-zinc oxide zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwazo: uhlobo lwesekethe yesistimu, uhlobo lwesiteshi samandla sesistimu, uhlobo lokusatshalaliswa kwesistimu, uhlobo lokuvikelwa kwebhange le-capacitor yesinxephezelo se-shunt, uhlobo lwesitimela esisebenza ngogesi, uhlobo lwephuzu elingathathi hlangothi lemoto kanye nemoto, uhlobo lwephuzu elingathathi hlangothi le-transformer.

Ngokusho kwesakhiwo

Izibambi ze-zinc oxide zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ngokuya ngesakhiwo sazo.

Isivikelo se-zinc oxide singahlukaniswa ngamagremu amane ngokuya ngokusebenza kokumelana nokungcola. I-Class ⅰ uhlobo oluvamile, i-Class ⅱ isetshenziswa endaweni yokungcola okumaphakathi (ibanga elithile le-creepage 20mm/KV), i-Class ⅲ isetshenziswa endaweni yokungcola okukhulu (ibanga elithile le-creepage 25mm/KV), kanti i-class ⅳ isetshenziswa endaweni yokungcola okukhulu kakhulu (ibanga elithile le-creepage 31mm/KV).

Ijazi elihlanganisiwe: Ijazi elihlanganisiwe i-zinc oxide arrester yenziwe ngezinto zerabha ze-silicone ezihlanganisiwe njengejazi, futhi ukukhethwa kweshidi lokumelana ne-zinc oxide elisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwangaphakathi kwesakhiwo esikhethekile, okuhlanganiswe ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, kunezinzuzo ezimbili zezinto zerabha ze-silicone kanye neshidi lokumelana ne-zinc oxide. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinzuzo ze-porcelain zinc oxide arrester, uchungechunge lwemikhiqizo lunokusebenza okuhle kokushisa, ukumelana nokungcola okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuhle okuvimbela ukuqhuma kanye nosayizi omncane, isisindo esincane, akukho ukulungiswa, akulula ukulimaza, ukuvalwa okuthembekile, ukumelana nokuguga okuhle kakhulu nezinye izinzuzo.

Ngokusho kokusebenza kwesakhiwo

Isivikelo se-zinc oxide singahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu ngokuya ngesakhiwo nokusebenza: akukho sikhala (W), ngesikhala sochungechunge (C), ngesikhala esihambisanayo (B).

1. Esikhathini esidlule, ukukhethwa kanye nokungalungi kwezinto zokubopha umbani ezazibheka kuphela amazinga okusebenza kwe-overvoltage kanye ne-overvoltage yombani

Izinga likazwelonke libeka ukuthi i-voltage yesiteshi sokunikeza ugesi sohlelo kufanele ibe phezulu kancane kune-K ngokuphindwe ka-voltage ejwayelekile (noma i-voltage elinganisiwe) i-Un yesistimu, okungukuthi, i-K=Um/Un (i-Um iyi-voltage ephezulu kakhulu yesistimu). Ukufakwa kwe-insulation kwemishini kagesi kufanele kukwazi ukusebenza isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwe-Un. I-K yezinhlelo ezingama-220kV nezingaphansi kwayo ingu-1.15, kanti ezinhlelweni ezingama-330kV nangaphezulu, i-K=1.1. Izimiso ezishiwo ngenhla nazo ziyabonwa esigabeni sokuqala somklamo we-arrester.

2. Ukukhethwa kanye nesidingo sesivikelo sombani ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngaphansi kwe-single-phase grounding overvoltage kanye nokuphepha kohlelo lwamandla

Ngokombono wokusebenza okuphephile, ukukhethwa kwe-voltage ekalwe ye-arrester kufanele futhi kuhambisane nezimiso ezilandelayo:

(1) I-voltage elinganisiwe ye-zinc oxide arrester kufanele ibe phezulu kune-voltage ye-transient frequency frequency engase ivele lapho ifakwa. Kuhlelo lwe-grounding olungathathi hlangothi lwe-110kV nangaphezulu, ingakhethwa ngokwendlela engenhla.

(2) ku-110 kV nangaphansi kohlelo lokumisa olungaqondile olungathathi hlangothi, imithetho yomnyango wamandla kagesi ngaphansi kwesimo sokumiswa kwesigaba esisodwa okuvunyelwe ukusebenza amahora ama-2, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nasekukhiqizweni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla angaphezu kwama-2 okugcina i-arc grounding isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora ama-2 ukuthola iphutha, lolu hlobo lwezimpawu zokusebenza kwesistimu yokusebenza okuphephile kwe-zinc oxide lightning arrester ngaphansi kwe-voltage elinganisiwe 10 s iyingozi enkulu. Futhi i-zinc oxide arrester kanye nesakhiwo se-SiC arrester, ukwakheka kuhlukile (okwakamuva kuwukuphela kwe-arc gap, owokuqala awunayo igebe noma igebe lokuhlukanisa kuphela), ukuze empeleni ukuwa kokushisa kwe-zinc oxide arrester ngisho nezingozi ezinkulu zokuqhuma. Ebhekene nalesi simo, ama-bureaux amaningi kagesi kanye nezikhungo zokuklama amandla kagesi zibeke izinhlobo eziningi zamanani e-voltage alinganisiwe (njenge-14.4kV, 14.7kV, njll.) ngokuya ngezimo zegridi yamandla endawo. Ekuhlolweni komthwalo wesenzo kwamaphepha amaningana engxoxo kazwelonke ejwayelekile, ukubekezelelana kwe-voltage okulinganisiwe kwama-10s kukhushulwa kube izikhathi eziyi-1.2 ~ 1.3, ukuze ukuzivumelanisa kwe-zinc oxide arrester endaweni engathathi hlangothi. uhlelo lokusekela olungaqondile luyathuthukiswa.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-voltage ekaliwe ye-zinc oxide arrester iphansi kakhulu, i-arrester izosebenza ngaphansi kwe-grounding overvoltage yesigaba esisodwa noma ngisho ne-transient overvoltage eminingi. UMnyango Wezokuphepha Wokuqondisa Nokukhiqizwa KoMnyango Wezamandla uphakamise ukubuyekezwa kwe-arrester kusukela ekuqaleni kwencwadi yokuphepha ye-17 yangomhla zingama-30 kuMfumfu 1993.

Esikhathini sokuguquka phakathi kokumenyezelwa kanye nokubuyekezwa kwendinganiso entsha, kuphakanyiswa imithetho elandelayo yokuklama yokukhetha i-voltage elinganisiwe kanye ne-voltage yokusebenza okuqhubekayo ye-zinc oxide arrester ohlelweni olungathathi hlangothi olungenasisekelo: i-voltage elinganisiwe iyizikhathi eziyi-1.2-1.3 zomklamo we-voltage yokucisha i-arc ye-SiC arrester, kanti i-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo iyi-voltage ephezulu kakhulu yokusebenza kwesistimu.

Ngenxa yokuthi ayikho indinganiso ehlanganisiwe yedatha eyisisekelo engenhla, kuzoba nomehluko phakathi komkhiqizi we-lightning arrester kanye nomsebenzisi ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni.

3, sebenzisa uhlelo luka-2000 lokukhetha okusha okujwayelekile, okuphephile nokunengqondo kweqiniso lokubopha umbani

Ku-standard entsha yaseShayina ka-2000 (GB11032-2000), ukukhethwa kwe-voltage elinganisiwe ngaphezu kwesimiso se-1.2-1.3 izikhathi kuye kwaqashelwa, kodwa ukukhethwa kwe-voltage yokusebenza okuqhubekayo kunelungiselelo elisha: kusukela ekubonakalisweni kwempilo yesevisi ye-arrester engu-1.5Un//U1mA njengenani lokubhekisela lokukhetha (ukuklama) i-voltage yokusebenza okuqhubekayo ye-arrester. Ngezinga lokuklama nokukhiqiza le-arrester yasekhaya, inani elijwayelekile lingu-80%, ngakho-ke i-voltage yokusebenza okuqhubekayo ikhethwa njengezikhathi ezingu-0.8 ze-voltage elinganisiwe. Lokhu kusekelwa yisifunda samanje esincane se-voltammetry curve.

Ngakho-ke, empeleni, izinga le-overvoltage lokusebenza kwe-grounding yesigaba esisodwa sehora eli-1 kufanele licatshangelwe lapho kwenziwa ukubalwa kokulingisa ngokwezimo ezithile noma ukukhetha i-arter ngokuya ngolwazi kanye nomkhuba. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-voltage ezilinganiselwe ezihluke kancane kumanani angenhla ezivumelwaneni zobuchwepheshe zabasebenzisi ngisho nasemidwebo yezikhungo zokuklama amandla, engicabanga ukuthi azidingeki (njenge-16.5kV kanye ne-16.7kV ku-10kV, njll.). Isizathu ukuthi enkambisweni yangempela yokuklama ye-lightning arrester, inani le-voltage elilinganiselwe ku-volt-ampere curve lisendaweni encane yamanje, engaphansi kwenani le-U1mAAC, ukuphishekela umehluko omncane akunakubonakala ekwakhiweni kwangempela kwe-lightning arrester; Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela engxoxweni elandelayo, ngokuhambisana nezidingo zendinganiso entsha kazwelonke yokukhetha ukusetshenziswa okuphephile ngaphansi kwe-overvoltage evunyelwe (lokhu kubhekisela ohlelweni olungenamhlaba).

4. Ukukhethwa kwesayensi kwe-zinc oxide arrester engamboziwe ngokwezinga elisha lohlelo luka-2000

(1) I-voltage ekalwe kufanele ikhethwe futhi iklanywe ngokwenani elisebenzayo eliphezulu le-voltage yamandla evame ukusetshenziswa kuma-terminals e-arrester, ukuze isebenze kahle ngaphansi kwe-overvoltage yesikhashana enqunywe ekuhlolweni komthwalo wesenzo ocacisiwe. I-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo kumele ikhethwe ukuze kuvunyelwe i-RMS engaguquki phakathi kwama-terminals e-arrester. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-voltage yokukhipha i-frequency yamandla kufanele ibe phezulu ngokwanele ukuze kugwenywe ukusebenza kwe-insulation yemishini evikelwe ngaphansi kwe-overvoltage yokusebenza ngaphandle kokuvikelwa futhi kwandiswe impilo yesevisi, futhi izinga langempela lesilinganiso sokushaja kanye ne-voltage esele ye-zinc oxide arrester eyenziwe eShayina kumele icatshangelwe.

(2) Lapho i-voltage yamandla ikhuphuka kakhulu noma i-voltage yokuhlola ukufudumeza imishini iphakeme, kufanele kukhethwe i-voltage ephezulu ye-zinc oxide arrester. Ukukhethwa kwe-voltage yokubhekisela kwe-frequency yamandla kufanele kulingane noma kube nkulu kune-voltage elinganisiwe. Lawa maphuzu amabili ezidingweni ezintsha ze-NATIONAL standard aneliseka kangcono, ukubalwa okulandelayo kungatholakala futhi kuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-overvoltage. Izidingo ze-National standard, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-grounding yesigaba esisodwa amahora ama-2 ngaphandle kwesenzo. Esimweni esibucayi kakhulu, lapho i-grounding yesigaba esisodwa kanye nokwenqatshwa komthwalo kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-overvoltage ephezulu engabalwa yi-theory iyizikhathi eziyi-1.99, futhi i-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo evumelekile ye-UC (inani elisebenzayo) ye-zinc oxide arrester ikhethwa kanje:

I-voltage ekaliwe (Ur≈1.25 UC) ikhethwe ngokwezinga lokushaja elijwayelekile likazwelonke elingu-0.8, konke okuhlangabezane nezidingo. Uma kusetshenziswa i-arc grounding kanye ne-resonant overvoltage enethuba eliphezulu lokuphuma, i-voltage ekaliwe izohlangana: cindezela futhi?=0.8 Khetha i-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo, nayo ehlangabezana nezidingo.

Ngamafuphi, ubunzima obukhulu bokukhetha i-arrester ukunquma ububanzi be-overvoltage yesikhashana. Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokunembile ngaphansi kwe-overvoltage ephezulu yokusebenza kanye ne-overvoltage yomoya, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ipuleti le-valve alisebenzi ngaphansi kwe-overvoltage yesikhashana.

Njengamanje, ukukhethwa kohlobo kanye nomklamo we-arrester kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-zinc oxide arrester ephezulu kakhulu ohlelweni ayisebenzi uma i-grounding yesigaba esisodwa yamahora ama-2, ngaphandle kwalokho i-zinc oxide arrester izovela i-thermal collapse noma ingozi yokuqhuma.

Ngakho-ke, kufanelekile ukukhetha uhlelo olungenasisekelo ngokwezidingo ezintsha.

Kodwa kudivayisi ye-capacitor esuselwe ku-arc yokucindezela i-coil, i-grounding overvoltage izoba ngaphansi kakhulu, bese ukhetha i-grounding ephansi ngokuya ngokubalwa kwe-voltage elinganisiwe kanye ne-voltage yokusebenza eqhubekayo ukuze wenze isenzo se-zinc oxide lightning arrester ngaphansi kwe-overvoltage yokusebenza ephansi, idivayisi yokuvikela i-capacitor, kodwa uma ungakwenzi kube lula, ungakhetha futhi ngokuya ngohlelo lwe-grounding olungenayo,

Ngoba ukufakelwa kwe-capacitor pole kuya emhlabathini kucatshangelwe ukuthi kuhlangabezana nezidingo ze-grounding zesigaba esisodwa samahora ama-2.

Isebenza nge-voltage engaphansi kwesilinganiso, i-arrester ayisebenzi futhi ngeke ibangele umonakalo we-overvoltage kudivayisi ye-capacitor.

Sekukonke, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amapuleti e-valve ochungechunge lwe-zinc oxide ngaphandle kokuphuma ngqo ochungechungeni, kuma-resistor e-zinc oxide lightning arrester awakwazi ukuthwala ngisho nokudlula i-voltage okubangelwa yi-SiC arcing voltage reference ukukhetha kwe-zinc oxide lightning arrester voltage elinganiselwe ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo, nakanjani izokhuphuka ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwe-arter, njengokungabikho kwedatha yangempela yokulingisa,

Inani elinconywayo elihambisana nomoya wendinganiso kazwelonke lifaneleka kakhulu ngoba lihlangabezana nezimfuneko zomkhawulo.